??第1章全国院校英语专业基础英语考研真题分析
对于绝大多数报考英语专业的考生而言，“基础英语”是全国各院校英语专业研究生入学考试必考的科目。一般来说，报考英语专业研究生的考核科目为：政治（分值100分）、第二外语（分值100分）、基础英语（分值150分）以及专业课（包括英美文学、语言学与应用语言学、翻译理论及实践等）（分值150分）。
需要说明的是，有些院校对此科目的考试名称有所不同：例如北京大学称之为“专业能力”，上海外国语大学称之为“英语综合”，北京外国语大学称之为“英语基础测试（技能）”，上海交通大学、广东外语外贸大学等称之为“英语水平考试”，四川大学称之为“英语专业基础”，山东大学称之为“实践英语”。上述院校的科目名称和大多数院校所用的“基础英语”名称虽有差别，但实质是一样的，都是由各学校自主命题、考核英语专业考生基本功底的考试科目。
1.1基础英语考研真题分析
全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考研考试大纲时，对“基础英语”的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的基础英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。分析各大院校的基础英语试题能够为考生准确定位自己的英语水平提供很好的参照，也使考生对“基础英语”考试有一个全面的了解，更加清晰的了解出题者的思路，从而正确地制定出复习方法和学习步骤，使复习具有针对性，使复习的效果更上一层楼。
1．考核要求
对于“基础英语”，全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，所以没有相应的考试大纲来说明其考核要求。但国内大部分院校在命题时都会把1999年教育部批准实施的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》作为指导标准，因此，这个大纲仍能反映目前高校对英语专业学生基本功的大体要求。其要求如下：
语法方面，较好地掌握句子之间和段落之间的衔接手段如照应、省略、替代等。熟练地使用各种衔接手段，连贯地表达思想。
词汇方面，通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇达10000-12000个；且能正确而熟练地使用其中的5000-6000个及其最常用的搭配。
听力方面，听懂真实交际场合中各种英语会话；听懂英语国家广播电台以及电视台（如CNN）有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科技等方面的专题报道以及与此类题材相关的演讲和演讲后的问答；听懂电视时事报道和电视短剧中的对话。语速为每分钟150-180个单词，听两遍可以听懂，理解准确率以60%为合格。
口语方面，能就国内外重大问题与外宾进行流利而得体的交流；能系统、深入、连贯地发表自己的见解。
阅读方面，能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。能在5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。
写作方面，能写各类体裁的文章，做到内容充实，语言通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。写作速度为30分钟300-400个单词。能撰写长度为3000-5000个单词的毕业论文，要求思路清晰、内容充实、语言通顺。
翻译方面，能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，速度为每小时250-300个英文单词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。能担任一般外事活动的口译。
文化素养方面，熟悉中国文化传统，具有一定的艺术修养；熟悉英语国家的地理、历史、发展现状、文化传统、风俗习惯；具有较多的人文知识和科技知识；具有较强的汉语口头和书面表达能力；具有较强的创新意识和一定的创新能力。
2．试题类型和出题形式
通过分析全国众多院校“基础英语”的历年真题，其题目类型大致包括词汇、语法、完形填空、改错、阅读理解、翻译和写作等内容，各题目类型的出题形式灵活多样，而考核内容也不尽相同，具体归纳如下：
（1）词汇题
词汇题的考核内容较为广泛，包括对名词、形容词、动词、冠词等多种词性、各种短语及固定搭配结构的判断和理解，其中包括对同义词、近义词、反义词的辨认与区分等；根据上下文对词和词组意义的判断等。
出题形式主要有以下几种：
①题目为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从所给的四个选项选出最恰当的词或词组。如：
Anyone who has a sore throat should from alcohol.
A. detain
B. abstain
C. sustain
D. pertain
个别院校（如对外经济贸易大学）有时句子中会留2～4个空白，酷似GRE的sentence completion，不同的是GRE是填2个空，而外经贸要求填2～4个。如：
Literature may ______ and inform, entertain, express personal joy or , reflect religious devotion, glorify a nation or hero, or ______ a particular point of view—whether it ______ political, social, or aesthetic.
A. inspire; love; describe; is
B. instruct: pain; advocate; be
C. convince; hatred; reveal; were
D. alert; pleasure; explain; has been
②要求对单句中划有底横线的词进行替换选择，即从所给出的四个选择项中选出一个最佳替换词。如：
Don’t be callous to the suffering of others.
A. apathetic
B. curious
C. sensitive
D. supercilious
③根据词的相关解释，从表格所给出的词汇中选出意思与之符合的单词。如：
a thing that is changeable: (答案为variable)。
④要求为所给出的单词选择其同义词。如：
phlegmatic
A. calm
B. penetrative
C. dilapidated
D. illegible
E. exclusive
⑤要求为所给出的单词选择其反义词。如：
decorous
A. unlikely
B. uncomfortable
C. unrepentant
D. unseemly
E. unattractive
（2）语法题
语法题测试的重点包括时态、语态、语气、动词非限定形式、强调、倒装、平行结构等。
出题形式主要有以下几种：
①题目为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从时态、句型等语法角度，从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当的词、词组或句子。如：
______ , he might have retired before the end.
A. Didn’t he enjoy the concert
B. Has he not enjoyed the concert
C. Were he not enjoy the concert
D. Had he not enjoyed the concert
Lesson 1Face to Face with Hurricane Camille
一、词汇短语
1. hurricane [5hQrikEn] n. a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving a 73-136 knots飓风
2. lash [lAF] vt. strike against with force or violence猛烈打击：The sleet is lashing the roof.雨夹雪击打着屋顶。
3. pummel [5pQm(E)l] v. （用拳头连续）击打：The child pummeled his mother angrily as she carried him home.那孩子因其母带他回家而生气地捶打着母亲。
4. reluctant [ri5lQktEnt] adj. unwilling; disinclined不愿意的，勉强的：He was very reluctant to go away.他很不愿意离去。其名词形式为reluctance。
5. abandon [E5bAndEn] vt. a). leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch放弃，抛弃：abandon a friend in trouble抛弃处于危难中的朋友；b). to give up by leaving or ceasing to operate or inhabit, especially as a result of danger or other impending threat离弃，丢弃：abandon the ship弃船
6. course [kC:s] n. a mode of action or behavior品行，行为
7. demolish [di5mCliF] vt. to do away with completely; put an end to毁坏，破坏：The fire demolished the town.大火烧毁了这座城镇。
8. motel [mEu5tel] n. a hotel for people who are traveling by car, where you can park your car outside your room汽车旅馆
9. gruff [^rQf] adj. hoarse; harsh粗糙的，粗哑的：a gruff voice粗哑的嗓音
10. batten [5bAtn] vt. to furnish, fasten, or secure with battens用压条固定
11. methodically [mI5WRdIk(E)li] adv. 
orderly and systematically有条理地，有秩序地：He methodically and placidly devoured a loaf of bread.他有条不紊，不动声色地把一整只面包都吃光了。
12. main [mein] n. the principal pipe in a system for conveying water, gas, oil, or other utility（自来水、煤气、石油等的）总管道，干线：gas main煤气总管
13. bathtub [`bB:WtQb] n. a relatively large open container that you fill with water and use to wash the body浴缸，澡盆
14. generator [5dVenEreitE] n. a machine that produces electricity发电机，发动机
15. scud [skQd] vi. to run or skim along swiftly and easily飞奔，疾行，掠过：Dark clouds are scudding by.乌云滚滚而来。
16. mattress [5mAtris] n. a usually rectangular pad of heavy cloth filled with soft material床垫，褥子
17. pane [pein] n. one of the glass-filled divisions of a window or door窗格玻璃
18. French door [frentFdC:] n. two adjoining doors that have glass panes from top to bottom and are hinged at opposite
sides of a doorway so that it opens in the middle法式落地双开门
19. disintegrate [dis5inti^reit] vt. to become reduced to components, fragments, or particles分解，分裂，碎裂：disintegrate the enemy troops瓦解敌军
20. blast [blB:st] n. a sudden strong movement of wind or air强风，阵风：A blast of hot air came from the furnace.一股热风从火炉里吹出来。
21. douse [daus] vt. to plunge into liquid; immerse浸泡，使浸透：As a joke, they douse him with a bucket of water.他们开玩笑，把一桶水泼到他身上了。
22. brigade [bri5^eid] n. a group of persons organized for a specific purpose执行特定任务的队伍
23. fire brigade [5faiE bri5^eid] n. or fire company, a body of men organized to fight fires, esp. one of a number of such groups constituting a fire department消防队
24. scramble [5skrAmbl] vi. to move or climb hurriedly, especially on the hands and knees攀爬，爬：scramble up a steep hillside爬上陡峭的山坡
25. litter [5litE] n. the offspring produced at one birth by a multifarious mammal幼仔，一胎生下的小动物
26. shudder [5FQdE] vi. to shiver convulsively, as from fear or revulsion战栗，颤抖：I shudder to think what might happen.我想到可能发生的事而战栗。
27. ferocity [fE5rCsiti] n. the state or quality of being ferocious; fierceness凶恶，残忍，暴行：The rebellion was put down with utmost ferocity.起义遭到了残酷镇压。
28. swipe [swaip] n. a sweeping blow or stroke猛击，重击：She made a swipe at the mosquito.她挥臂打蚊子。
29. maroon [mE5ru:n] vt. to put ashore on a deserted island or coast and intentionally abandon把……放逐到孤岛，（因洪水等）使孤立：During the storm we were marooned in a cabin miles from town.在风暴中我们被围困在离城数英里的小屋内。
30. devastate [5devEsteit] vt. to lay waste; destroy使荒芜，破坏：A long war devastated Europe.长期的战争破坏了欧洲。[扩展]devastation n. 毁坏，破坏/ devastating adj. 破坏性的，毁灭性的/ devastator n. 蹂躏者，劫掠者
31. swath [swC:W] n. the width of a scythe stroke or a mowing-machine blade刈幅（挥动镰刀所及的面积）：The storm cut a wide swath through the town.暴风雨席卷全城，造成很大的破坏。
32. moorings [5muEriNs] n. (of ten pl.) lines, cables, etc. by which a ship is fastened to the land or the bottom of the sea停泊处
33. crack [krAk] v. a). to break or snap apart断裂，折断：The mirror cracked.镜子破裂了。b). to cause to break without complete separation of parts使裂开：crack the glass敲碎玻璃
34. snap [snAp] vi. to break suddenly with a brisk, sharp, cracking sound突然折断，啪的一声折断：A branch snapped off the tree in the wind.大风中一条树枝啪地从树上断落。
35. vacationer [vE5keIF[nE(r)] n. a person taking a vacation, esp. one who is traveling or at a resort度假者，休假者
36. vantage point [5vB:ntidV pCInt] n. a position that allows a clear and broad view有利地势，绝佳的位置
37. gigantic [dVai5^Antik] adj. very large or extensive巨大的，庞大的：He made a last gigantic effort.他做了最后一次巨大的努力。
38. huddle [5hQdl] vi. to crowd together, as from cold or fear挤在一起：They huddled together for warmth.他们挤成一团取暖。
39. slashing [5slAFiN] adj. severe; merciless, violent严厉的，猛烈的：a slashing criticism严厉的批评
40. implore [im5plC:] vt. to appeal to in supplication; beseech恳求，哀求：implore sb. for mercy恳求某人怜悯
41. bar [bB:(r)] n. a vertical line dividing a staff into equal measures; a measure小节线（把五线谱分成相等节拍的竖线）；小节
42. trail [treil] vi. to become gradually fainter; dwindle减弱，减小：His voice trailed off in confusion.困惑中他的声音逐渐变小。
43. debris [5debri:] n. a rough, broken bit and piece of a stone, wood, glass, etc. as after destruction; rubble碎片，瓦砾：After the bombing there was a lot of debris everywhere.轰炸过后到处是一片残骸。
44. sanctuary [5sANktjuEri] n. a place of refuge or asylum避难所，躲避处：The fleeing rebels found a sanctuary in the nearby church.正在逃窜的反叛分子在附近的教堂里避难。
45. cedar [5si:dE] n. any of several Old World evergreen coniferous trees of the genus Cedrus, having stiff needles on short shoots and large, erect seed cones with broad deciduous scales雪松
46. extinguish [iks5tiN^wiF] vt. to put out (a fire, for example); quench熄灭，扑灭：extinguish a fire灭火
47. waver [5weivE] vi. a). to move unsteadily back and forth摇晃，摇曳；b). to become unsteady or unsure; falter动摇：His resolve began to waver.他的决心开始动摇了。
48. topple [5tCpl] vi. to lean over as if about to fall倾倒，摇摇欲坠：The house threatened to topple over.房子有倒塌的危险。
49. lean-to [5li:ntu:] n. a roof with a single slope, its upper edge abutting a wall or building; a shed with a one-slope roof单披屋顶
50. prop [prCp] vt. to support by placing something beneath or against; shore up支撑，维持：We should prop up the fence.我们应该用东西支撑住这栅栏。
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